atiar

On July 9, 2022

Aluminium is a soft, silvery-white, corrosion-resistant metal. It is the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust as it makes up 8% of the crust and it is the third most abundant element after oxygen and silicon. Bauxite ore (Al_₂O_₃.xH_₂O) is the major source of aluminium till date which is a mixture of hydrated aluminium oxide.

Aluminium can also be recovered from cryolite (Na3AlF_₆) and alunite. It is also found in gemstones such as garnet, topaz and chrysoberyl. The chemical symbol of this metal is Al. In the boron group with symbol Al, aluminium is a chemical element and is the most commonly used non-ferrous metal.

Aluminium Ore

Ores of Aluminium

Aluminium is a highly reactive metal, belonging to the IIIA group of the periodic table. In nature, aluminium is found in the form of its oxide in its ores. The important ores of aluminium are

Bauxite – Al2O3.2H2O
Corundum – Al2O3
Cryolite – Na3AlF6

Metallurgy of Aluminium

Aluminium is mostly extracted from its bauxite ore. Dressing of ore: The ore is crushed and pulverized.

Concentration of ore

The bauxite ore contains ferric oxide and silica as impurities. It is first concentrated by gravity separation of ferric oxide impurities by the process of magnetic separation. The ore is then concentrated by chemical process.

Bauxite is the name given to aluminium ore. To generate the oxide of aluminium from bauxite ore is purified, a white powder form which aluminium can be extracted. Aluminium oxide has a very high melting point of more than 2000 ° C so melting it would be costly. Aluminium oxide in water does not dissolve, but in molten cryolite, it dissolves.

Pure aluminium is a silver-white metal with many desirable features. It’s light, non-toxic, non-magnetic, and non-sparking. It’s a bit ornamental. It’s created, machined, and cast readily. Aluminium in pure state is soft and lacks strength, but it has very helpful characteristics for alloys with tiny quantities of copper, magnesium, silicon, manganese and other components.

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Extraction of Iron

On July 9, 2022

Extraction of iron from its ore is the third and the penultimate process in the Metallurgy. The extraction of metals and its isolation occurs over a few major steps:

Concentration of Ore
Extraction of metal from concentrated Ore
Purification of the metal

It’s a long process which begins with Concentration along the roasting process known as calcination. Concentration removes the water and other volatile impurities such as sulphur and carbonates. This concentrated ore is mixed with limestone (CaCO3) and Coke and fed into the blast furnace from the top. It is in the blast furnace that extraction of iron occurs. The extraction of iron from its ore is a long and subdued process, that helps in separating the useful components from the waste materials such as slag.

The purpose of a Blast Furnace is to reduce the concentrated ore chemically to its liquid metal state. A blast furnace is a gigantic, steel stack lined with refractory brick where the concentrated iron ore, coke, and limestone are dumped from the top, and a blast of hot air is blown into the bottom. All the three ingredients are crushed into small round pieces and mixed and put on a hopper which controls the input.

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The Concept of Extracting of Copper Ores

On July 9, 2022

There is no denying the fact that Copper can be extracted from non-sulfide ores by a different process involving three separate stages:

Reaction of the ore (over quite a long time and on a huge scale) with a dilute acid such as dilute sulfuric acid to produce a very dilute copper(II) sulfate solution.
Concentration of the copper(II) sulfate solution by solvent extraction. The very dilute solution is brought into contact with a relatively small amount of an organic solvent containing something which will bind with copper(II) ions so that they are removed from the dilute solution. The solvent must not mix with the water. The copper(II) ions are removed again from the organic solvent by reaction with fresh sulfuric acid, producing a much more concentrated copper(II) sulfate solution than before.
Electrolysis of the new solution. Copper(II) ions are deposited as copper on the cathode (for the electrode equation, see under the purification of copper below). The anodes for this process were traditionally lead-based alloys, but newer methods use titanium or stainless steel. The cathode is either a strip of very pure copper which the new copper plates on to, or stainless steel which it has to be removed from later.

When copper is made from sulfide ores by the first method above, it is impure. The blister copper is first treated to remove any remaining sulfur (trapped as bubbles of sulfur dioxide in the copper – hence “blister copper”) and then cast into anodes for refining using electrolysis.

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The Concept of Deflation

Deflation is the general fall in the price level. Deflation is also measured using CPI, but instead of showing figures above 100, it will show an index below 100 denoting a deflation. For example, a drop in the average prices of the basket of goods in a year is 10%, the deflation will be 100 – (90% * 100 = 90%) = 10%.

Causes of deflation

Aggregate supply exceeding aggregate demand: when supply exceeds demand, there is an excess of output in the economy not consumed, causing prices to fall.
Demand has fallen in the economy: during a recession, a fall in demand in the economy causes general prices to fall and cause a deflation.
Labour productivity has risen: higher output will lead to lower average costs, which could reflect as lower prices for products.
Technological advance has reduced cost of production, pulling down cost-push inflation.

Consequences of deflation

Lower prices will discourage production, resulting in unemployment.
As demand and prices fall, investors will be discouraged to invest, lowering the output/GDP.
Deflation can cause recession as demand and prices continue to fall and firms are forced to close down as enough profits are not being made.
Tax revenue of the government will fall as economic activity and incomes falls. They might be forced to borrow money to finance public expenditure.
Borrowers will lose during a deflation because now the value of the debt they owe is higher than when they borrowed the money.
Deflation will increase the real debt burden of the government as the value of debt money increases.

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The Effects of Inflation

There is no denying the fact that Inflation is the general and sustained rise in the level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time.
For example, the inflation rate in UK in 2010 was 4.7%. This means that the average price of goods and services sold in the UK rose by 4.7% during that year.

Lower purchasing power: when the price level rises, the lesser number of goods and services you can buy with the same amount of money. This is called a fall in the purchasing power. When purchasing power falls, consumers will have to make choices on spending.

Exports are less internationally competitive: if the prices of exports are high, its competitiveness in international markets will fall as lower priced foreign goods will rival it. This could lead to a current account deficit if exports lower (especially if they are price elastic).

Inflation causing inflation‘: during inflation, the cost of living in the economy rises as you have to pay more for goods and services. This might cause workers to demand higher wages increasing the cost of production. If the price of raw materials also increase, the cost of production again increases, causing cost-push inflation.

Fixed income groups, lenders, and savers lose: a person who has a fixed income will lose as he cannot press for higher wages during inflation (his/her real wages fall as purchasing power of his/her wages fall). Lenders who lent money before inflation and receive the money back during inflation will lose the value on their money. The same amount of money is now worth less (in this context, the people who borrowed gain purchasing power). Savers also lose because the interest they’re earning on savings in banks does not increase as much as the inflation, and savers will lose the value on their money.

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The Motility of Inflation

Demand-pull inflation: inflation caused by an increase in aggregate demand is called demand-pull inflation. This is also defined as the increase in price due to aggregate demand exceeding aggregate supply. Demand could rise due to higher incomes, lower taxes etc. The demand curve will shift right, causing an extension in supply and a rise in price.

Cost-push inflation: inflation caused by an increase in cost of production in the economy. The cost of production could rise due to higher wage rate, higher indirect taxes, higher cost of raw materials, higher interest on capital etc. The supply curve will shift left causing a contraction in demand and a rise in price.

A lot of economists agree that a rise in money supply in contrast with output is the key reason for inflation. If the GDP isn’t accelerating as much as the money supply, then there will be a higher demand which could exceed supply, leading to inflation.

Inflation is measured using a consumer price index (CPI) or retail price index (RPI).
The consumer price index is calculated in this way:

A selection of goods and services normally purchased by a typical family or household is identified.
The prices of these ‘basket of goods and services’ will then be monitored at a number of different retail outlets across the country.
The average price of the basket in the first year or ‘base year’ is given a value of 100.
The average change in price of these goods and services over the year is calculated.
If it rises by an average of 25%, the new index is 125% * 100 = 125%. If in the next year there is a further average increase of 10%, the price index is 110% * 125 = 137.5%. The average inflation rate over the two years is thus 137.5 – 100 = 37.5%

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The Concept of Inflation

Inflation is measured using a consumer price index (CPI) or retail price index (RPI).
The consumer price index is calculated in this way:

A selection of goods and services normally purchased by a typical family or household is identified.
The prices of these ‘basket of goods and services’ will then be monitored at a number of different retail outlets across the country.
The average price of the basket in the first year or ‘base year’ is given a value of 100.
The average change in price of these goods and services over the year is calculated.
If it rises by an average of 25%, the new index is 125% * 100 = 125%. If in the next year there is a further average increase of 10%, the price index is 110% * 125 = 137.5%. The average inflation rate over the two years is thus 137.5 – 100 = 37.5%

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Martin Luther King, A Pioneer of Democracy

On June 6, 2022

martin-luther-king-democracy-quote - AsiaConverge

There is no denying the fact that Martin Luther King, Jr. was a pioneer of democracy who had struggled for the right of the people. He believed that all men are created equally and as such he fought to remove the difference between the whites and the blacks. He led the Montgomery Bus Boycott after a woman named Rosa Parks was denied a seat because of the color of her skin. For his troubles, his home was bombed and his family’s life was put we are in great danger. However, this led to the end of racial segregation being allowed on all public transport. Black Americans and their White American supporters kept the boycott alive for more than a year, and bankrupted a company.

He fought against southern racism with all his might and effort, and finally it culminated in the march on Washington to demand civil rights for Americans of African Slave Ancestry, who had been called Negroes, and later became known as black Americans and finally African Americans.

Reverend King believed in nonviolence and used Gandhi as an example to lead his campaign for the rights of people who were being oppressed because of their skin color. Before he was murdered for his attempts to bring about fairness, unity and the creation of a nation undivided, he was granted the Nobel Peace Prize.

His “I Have A Dream” speech is the remarkable speech in the entire history of this nation in its unabashed desire for a nation of ideals. He did not live to see his dream, and it still hasn’t come close to being true. His most important contribution was being humble enough to offer up his life for people without a voice or a country.

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FEAR

On February 15, 2022

Being boost of nature enriched in life,

Where failure awaits everywhere;

In every inch of regret with actions lying,

In order to regret what does not exist,

In our side of uncertainty, emotion and thought.

We proceed towards future with full leaves,

In the branch of trees for success,

Not having enough money only with simple trust.

By passing weak forces in eternal shades of life

To go ahead leaving depressed past and glorious present

With steps of rigid faith and prosperity.

Fear lies not in humans but all in birds and beasts,

In every walks of life like the race of oceanic waves,

Underneath the water in the sea beds

Where fire burns leading to die off faith

Hidden inside the belief but dies,

whoever knows the mystry who fears

In the wake of shadow where darkness,

Stiring our inner mind all the time.

The poem speaks of a separate world where fear is not existing but in this mortal world, man hankers after wealth and money and as such he fears of his deteriration and loss or stealing. For fear of life, traditionally, he is fickle minded in nature and he loses his faith upon any social action inflicted upon the humans. Being boost of nature enriched in life,Where failure awaits everywhere;in every inch of regret with actions lying,In order to regret what does not exist,In our side of uncertainty, emotion and thought.

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Effects of Unemployment

On January 31, 2022