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Today’s World is the Most Dangerous Place

There is no denying the fact that today’s world is not doctrinaire, astute, and cultured, rather it is full of hazards and alarming. Still, nowadays, unconstrained social evils are widespread in the world. Not only in our country but also in many parts of the world, sleaze, violence, dowry system, traffic congestion, pollution and high rate of population survive terrifically. In earlier times, the people were peaceful in the sense that they did not know how to use weapons to mess up others. In the modern world, the use of atomic energy has greatly enhanced for which the safe and sound continued subsistence of humans is being meticulous day by day. If we look around the world, we will see that the number of wars is increasing day by day and the war against terrorism is a burning question right now. The history says, that by a mammoth invasion of terrorists, the world’s largest business center situated in America has been crushed. It is a matter of great regret that the superpower countries like the USA, Germany, France, Russia, and Great Britain failed to retaliate against such attacks.

It is imperative to note that in Hiroshima and Nagashika of Japan during the First World War, an atom bomb had been unnerved on the soil of Japan, the first sun-rising country. The end product of such an atomic bomb was so fatal that even today; such venomous influences are all-encompassing in the world on a large scale. The modern world is a world of threat, perils, and pain and as such, the war of Vietnam was so dangerous that unlimited people had been killed. The war in Iraq is most disparaging and scandalous because each day due to terror campaign attacks, uncounted people are being killed irrespective of high or low. The peace-loving forces are trying to control the country relating to law and order situation, but it is becoming difficult to control the country on the part of the alliance forces against the rebel forces. The rebel forces think that they are fighting against the occupancy of foreign foes and according to them, they will fight till date until or unless Iraq is liberated. From the consequences of such war, we can decide that all wars cannot bring good harvests rather than the people of the world who do not find any way to live with peace, society, friendship, and love. During many arguments and debates, it seems that today’s world is full of perils and dangerous places.

Corruption exists immensely for we can articulate that where there is no accountability, there lies corruption and it occurs in the case of dealing money in exchange of anything. In my opinion, it is the sum of total resources expressed in terms of current monetary units and the discretion power which is the authority and empowerment to spend and minus accountability. Moreover, Smoking emerges due to delay in the healing of stomach ulcers; it trims down the senses of smell and taste; slows down reflexes which causes smokers more prone to accidents; and gives an unpleasant smell from the breath, clothes, and homes of smokers. A very current survey illustrates that smokers endanger the health of non-smokers. Pregnant women smokers tend to have smaller babies than non-smokers, and their babies are more likely to be born dead or die a few days after birth. Besides such tremendously adverse effects, the children of smoking parents have more lung infections in the first years of life than the children of non-smokers. During one hour in a smoky room, a non-smoker can inhale as many cancer-causing substances as someone smoking 15 filter-tip cigarettes. Illness related to smoking is very expensive. In the U.K., France, Germany, China,  and the USA, it results in the loss of about 60 million working days a year, treatment costs several hundred thousand dollars a day, and it causes the death of over a million people a week. However, those who give up smoking greatly reduce their chances of developing diseases.

There is no denying the fact that the profligate limits of social life in our country envisage the identity as a great threadbare for overall affluence and fiscal accuracy in our country. It is certitude that sociable evils like teen labor, acid sadism, dowry system, strangling maids, raping, indoor pollution; corruption, and drug addiction are mammoth constraints mixed with our blood and bone. Drug craving and Alcoholism are the causes of social disorder for which society remains congested from all sorts of progression. In the case of personage prospect, drug obsession is atrocious work, which mingles many other fatalities like cancer, coronary, and phthisis. Drug addiction is such a phenomenon with which a person fails to accomplish his bright lot, being laden with superstitious and mentally being disrobed, he becomes then unable to get rid of such bottleneck. Drug addiction is not only a bad habit but also an evil force that spoils men’s lives. There is no suspicion that young people are found more captivated as compared to other evil forces that tremendously cause people to go astray and miscarry. They are somehow subjective to take drugs like heroin, chorus, pencils, wine cigarettes, alcohol, and many other addictive materials very harmful to health and hygiene. When a person somehow leaves hope of life, in due course he thinks that drug addiction is only the way for which he can survive on earth, and as such in the next course, he takes drug after drug and becomes addicted. When at one time, he becomes obsessive; he cannot give up those addictions because he remains in a state of hallucinations and emotional distortions. Hence Alcoholics do not drink simply for pleasure, but because they presume that they cannot face life’s problems ingrained in blood and bone without alcohol. It is a significant fact that more road mishap results from unwieldy ingestion than from any other cause. This is because alcohol slows down reflexes, interferes with concentration and distance judgment, and increases recklessness. It is a fact that heavy drinking can cause cancer of the mouth, gullet, stomach, and liver. It upsets digestion and reduces blood cell formation, causing anemia.

Suffice it to say that alcohol causes shrinkage of the brain, reducing the powers of abstract reasoning, and it destroys liver cells causing this organ to store abnormally large amounts of fat. In severe cases, alcoholics suffer numbness and paralysis of the limbs. Some alcoholics suffer a disorder known as delirium tremens when forced to stop drinking besides this, vomiting occurs and the whole body begins to shake and in due course, it is followed by hideous and often ghastly visions. A drug can be defined as a chemical material that affects the mind and only the so-called hard drugs are irresistible. These include the opiates: opium, morphine, and heroin. A drug addict comes to depend upon a drug so that life is no longer bearable without it. Addiction occurs because, like alcohol, more and more of the drug is required to produce its desired effects. Furthermore, if the drug supply is out of the blue cut off an addict suffers withdrawal symptoms and these can be drastically lethal. That is to say, they become dependent upon alcohol without realizing it, and as such for the first time, pleasing effects are produced by one or two drinks, but soon larger and larger amounts are needed to yield these effects until self-control is unduly irrevocable. Morphine, heroin, and other drugs that are often injected involve the risk of infection from dirt hypodermic needles.

Suffice it to say; that in most places of the world, without corruption and malpractices, nothing is possible to be performed. Due to a lack of honesty, sincerity, and simplicity, the world has become unsuitable for living. Terrorism is another threat to a healthy life in society. We need to be dedicated to working sincerely and painstakingly to eliminate such hurdles. Besides this, price hike is a great bottleneck against peaceful survival on earth because; the prices of all sorts of commodities are beyond the buying capacity of the people. In Bangladesh, floods, drought, cyclones, earthquakes, and epidemic diseases are common visitors to the people of this beautiful land with ever-green beauties of nature. The people living beside the seashore always face misfortunes of water surges and thus they are being victimized almost every year; even if, in a year, they may be infected with such misfortunes. Besides sides, due to smoking and addictions to drugs, unlimited problems are being created every time for which the whole nation wants to get rid of such hurdles. There exists a remarkable extent of evidence that a variety of awful diseases emerge often in smokers than non-smokers and these diseases are: Lung cancer; emphysema causing thinning and weakening of lung tissue; cancer of the mouth, throat, larynx, gullet, bladder, and pancreas; coronary thrombosis causing snarl-up of arteries to the heart; angina pectoris causing pain due to contraction of arteries to the heart; and chronic bronchitis with phlegm.

Given the above, it is significant that it is worth mentioning that the present world is the most dangerous place as it is full of hatred, jealousy, slothfulness, vindictiveness, and competition for ill money which never support the features of a healthy society. Hence it is obvious that smoking has been unenthusiastic every time and as such, even in general advertisements to sell their product, the work of publication of the product’s brand name and packaging system to indicate the quality of the product has been banned. Not only smoking, but every kind of evil needs to be banished from this world to present the modern age with a healthy society bedded on trustworthiness, love, friendship, and responsibility to serve humanity in this hereinafter virtually.

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Cold War Versus Civil War

According to John Rid, the Cold War is not a civil war that takes place in a country due to variation of opinions among different classes of people. Such war sometimes pushes a nation towards a war where many other nations come in contact with the support and cooperation to streamline their actions and reactions. Americans have faced many such wars in different critical points of conflict with other nations. Sometimes some nations step forward to display their power of modern weapons with different technology and techniques to resolve the dilemma in relevant fields. In such wars, some other critics and movements are of externalization to the nation and as such, before an absolute war, chalking out plans in the wide-ranging field is vitally significant where seeking advice from the generals, brainstorming resolutions among other relevant states and their country cannot be ignored. In such a war, brainstorming reaction exists among top political leaders inside and outside the country to conclude the decision whether a complete war is essential or not is the magnificent resolution of the Cold War. Normal war surrounds many other factors relevant to considering weapons, techniques, and methods of application of appliances. The signatories to strengthen the stamina of the state are vitally significant and henceforth such silent war occurs; not only that, how far the war is justifiable is also considered in the Cold War. A country can achieve its target concerning warfare costs based on the verdict of the people. Such brainstorming work may be considered as a doorway of war but not exactly in the middle of the field. The logical aspect exists among the people who come from the mental reaction among the top political leaders and the countrymen of a state. From time immemorial, superpower states like France, the USA, Russia, Germany, China, and Japan have suffered from cold war plagues. Through unremitting negotiations and brainstorming, the country decides on a complete war. In major cases, the Cold War on no account influences a nation for war. A cold war is not a civil war in a state – not a doorway to a complete war on the battlefield but stops the evil forces from creating chaos, confusion, and agitation; this is a cold war that stops the barricades of misunderstanding and administrative lock-up as a tentative flow.
superpower, France, war, battle, Russia, confusion
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Confidence is life

Immense Confidence! trust and belief

A feeling of certainty; firm notion or emotion; faith.

Knowing Hope, Believe, Bank, Bank on pattern of collection,

Becoming a confident person and race of ideas.

This is a big surprise!

People lack confidence to do what they need to do.

Sometimes to do what they should do.

How To Become a Confident Person?

Be a person who Takes Action!

Share and help others!

Spend time with confident people!

Confidence is the result of doing something!

Taking Action Builds Confidence!

Confidence is caught!  It is contagious!

Upon confidence everywhere,

A life is flabbaergasting,

Truth prevails in the long run.

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My Love My Grief By Kh Atiar Rahman

Like the setting sun I came across a saint,
Sitting beneath the tree encountered by the disciples;
Bowing down their heads on the grounds
Tears are rolling down from their reddened cheeks.
He said,’ I asked the lord to take me aftermath’
In the hereinafter to fight against lies and prejudice.
The answer came to my ear whispering
You are lazy and deaf that you are not complying.
The saint then uttered that there is no way without
Meditation and supplication to the alter upon God.
A man dies and another one gives birth to,
To beautify and enlighten the earth with justice.
And to remove the distortions and wreckage
The life like the mirror as if a shadow covers it
All the time all day and night in the dark dreams.
Truth is the source of divined justice as framed
By the eternal subdued for beaming rays
In the hidden herbs, meadows and the color
Inside the river beds where humans cannot dwell.
As the cluster declared by the lead which is pure
Not adulterated like the gold as if ornamented
In the race of livelihood for being perfection of truth.
Like the sweet voice in the wake of ocean water
Mixed with salty foam is never suitable to drink.
Man may lie on the grassy land  naturally washed
As if cleaned up like early woke bathing of the sun

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‘Death of a Salesman” by Arthur Miller, My favourite Book

Recently, I have gone through a book named ‘Death of a Salesman” by Arthur Miller who has tried to bring about a contrast of feelings of a man who had a long cherished desire to be entrenched in life for bright future by rendering services of a salesman. But as ill luck would have it, he was not being able to reach his goal. The author in this book has allegoric in regard to  some loss of distinctions of American Society where an honest and sincere man can not fulfill his mission to survive on earth. The book deals with some factors where a man working as a salesman find his fortune illuminated as well as trimmed in respect of money and wealth. The hero of the book is Willy Looman who had taken a job of a Salesman in a reputed industry of America with which he wanted to lead his life with glistening future. In American society, a person who takes the job of a salesman can see his bright lot because; this type of job is very lucrative and fascinating for any people in the so-called civilized society. 
 

In his early age, he has taken the job of a salesman and as such he has seen dreams to be great by creeping up the ladder of ascending in the high strips of social life. But, in this respect, his speculations as applied in his case were implanted on uncertain and out of his doctrines as well as the philosophy of the extreme bent with age. The ideals in which he was being able to reach his goal were utterly the product of different culture and heritage. He had his wife and two sons for whom he was encountered to bring them up in a proper way but all his attempts were in vain due to his honesty and ideal emblem in dealing with his superiors and colleagues. But the people whom he was always ventured upon did not like this discernment. According to the author, he did never adopt unfairmeans to climb the ladder of a good and honorable position from where he wanted to make something constructive for the bright future of his children. Happy and Biff were his sons whom he had uncommon love and affectionate had tried his heart and soul to make them happy in a significant manner. Biff, being his eldest son asked his father to lead life like others inclined to be rich and wealthy over night following the rules to satisfy the superiors in an illegal manner. Willy was a responsible person for which he had never hankered after ill money and rather he led his life in a sophisticated manner with which he had to suffer a lot in both mentally and physically. He worked hard during his lifetime and he had travailed in distant places for the sake of his profession. Arthur Miller was only the personality who understood the modern philosophy of life and the culture as traditionally reflected in the form of social conflicts and contrasts spontaneously. He introduced two trends of conflicts that were of tragedy and the ill treatment of upper class society and their callous gluttony. Death of a Salesman was a play of misfortunes and social conflicts that were accepted by American Society. If we umpire the frustrations and screaming of Willy’s mind, we will find such way of human psychology which is tremendously extensive and critical in due sense of social friction. In this connection, Willy’s life has been personified with flower, leaf, dream and grass by bringing a tremendous metaphor, which show the realms of his long frustrated life.

Willy Looman was a silent worker who had created his own world of livelihood for which he had no complaint against the authority responsible for his well beings and rights for survival. He had seen his colleagues very new in the job of salesmanship, but they got promotion and bright future despite their lacking in skillfulness in the profession .He, on the verge of infirmity of age, submitted an appeal to David Wagner, his boss that he would like to get a job of an Office Assistant where he might get mental satisfaction. Having heard this, his boss flew into a rage and informed his inability of doing so and consequently, he was so much agitated that made him swayed to die. In the last part of the story, Willy’s whole life was bedded on wrong persuasion and due to such similar ideology, his eldest son Biff said that his father’s whole life was filled with wrongs. This is a great question for us, which teaches us that no man in this world should be neglected and it is our sacred responsibility to show our best regards for the oppressed people in the society who are down trodden and are suffering from deprivation and ill-treatment of the people who create difference amongst people. Arthur Miller was an author who minutely judged the dissimilarities of social life and tried to reflect in his literary creativity virtually. We claim that we are the citizens of modern society but we don’t care for a man who is really a rare resource personnel to develop our country and whose contribution needs to be recognized by the people who are in power for implementation of one’s model or their realms in particular field. It is our shame that we are afraid to face the challenge of reality, which Willy was unable to win over all misfortunes and injustice like Wagner and others that tidied him. If we look forward the socioeconomic condition of the civilized nation, we will observe that many people are swindled to one’s prey of callous gluttony and tyrannized system of ruling for which he has to suffer whole life and his family. We are the creations of one creator who has urged to establish equal justice and rights of the people but we forget in every step in our duties and responsibilities.

Arthur Miller in his famous book, death of a salesman has intensified the ideals of a real man that are the sole devotees of religion, model of real life situation and moral obligation in most predominating manner. In the society of America, any one can cherish high ambition of bright future after entering in the service of salesmanship but in the case of Willy, the opposite thing happened what had flabbergasted the people of the civilized domain who need reforms of society in a systematic manner. In fine, he had been deprived and deviated from being embedded with higher rank as promotion enjoying social status. The author has criticized American society that with the end of a man’s future, the futures of his other members of his family were nipped in the bud. The author has critically examined the supplication of Willy looman and expressed his comments in favour of his modesty contributing the beauty of life. The author Miller has collected materials from social surroundings where men women relationships and philosophy of reality and the realms of survival are coherent on earth by bringing a factual contrasts of feeling of mankind. He reaffirmed some literary objects in the pages of his mind, which acted like the mirrors of social unrest and evils committed by them. The author has envisaged a different critic who was like a brief candle whose survival depends on a little fuel and when it is finished, he will no more exist on earth. A man burnt with mental distortions can not create his own image in social life because he has travelled in wrong way. In this connection, Robert Frost says,”

“Two roads diverged in a wood,

I took the one – less travelled by

And this has made all the difference “

In view of the above, it is obvious that Willy had a separate world to roam about into the shadow of a moving life. He was in the habit of purposing such a manner on the ground that he had failed to switch over the difficulties. The authority wanted him to be punctual in dealing with modern self-absorption that is reflected as the realm of dishonesty and insincerity. I like this book because I have found honesty of Willy’s heart that had not hunched down to the sacrificial stone of the authority of injustice and distortion. Willy’s heart was craving for impartiality and honesty but the people of modern American society had not performed anything good and mundane for his prolific achievement in the society rather they denounced him for honesty and reality towards carrying out his tasks in toto. In this context, a few lines of William Shakespeare are worth mentioning:

” Out! Out! Brief candle

A life’s but a walking shadows

A poor player!

That struts and frets his hour upon the stage

And then is heard no more, it’s a tale

Told by an idiot, it is full of sound and fury

Signifying nothing “

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Chlorine and its Properties

Chlorine is the second lightest halogen and is represented as Cl. The atomic number of this chemical element is 17.

It appears as a pale yellow-green gas. Liquid chlorine can cause skin burn and chlorine in its gaseous form irritates the mucous membrane. Its position in the periodic table is between fluorine and bromine. Its electronic configuration is [Ne]3s23p5. There are two isotopes of chlorine that are stable.

They are 37Cl  and 35Cl. 36Cl is the stable radioisotope of chlorine. Sodium chloride is the most common compound of chlorine whereas the simplest is hydrogen chloride. Sodium chloride has a molecular formula NaCl whereas hydrogen chloride has a molecular formula HCl. It is highly reactive. 

Carl Wilhelm Scheele who was a Swedish chemist discovered Chlorine in the year 1774.

Properties of Chlorine – Cl

ClChlorine
Atomic Number‎17
Atomic weight35.453
Melting Point−101.5 °C
Boiling Point−34.04 °C

Chlorine is the second halogen in the periodic table, being a nonmetal in group 17. Hence, its properties are similar to fluorine, bromine, and iodine, and are generally intermediate among those of the first two. Chlorine has the electron configuration [Ne]3s23p5, with the seven electrons serving as its valence electrons in the third and outermost shell. As all halogens, it is thus one electron short of a full octet, and is thus a strong oxidizing agent, interacting with other elements to complete its outer shell.

This element is intermediate in the electronegativity between fluorine and bromine (the electronegativity of fluorine is 3.98, the electronegativity of chlorine is: 3.16, the electronegativity of bromine is 2.96, and the electronegativity of iodine is 2.66). This element is less reactive than fluorine and more reactive than bromine, in line with periodic patterns. Even though it is a weaker oxidizing agent than fluorine, it is stronger than bromine. In comparison, the chloride ion is a weaker reduction agent than bromide, but one stronger than fluoride.

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Chlorine, Reactive Member of Halogen

There is no denying the fact that Chlorine is the second halogen in the periodic table, being a nonmetal in group 17. Hence, its properties are similar to fluorine, bromine, and iodine, and are generally intermediate among those of the first two. Chlorine has the electron configuration [Ne]3s23p5, with the seven electrons serving as its valence electrons in the third and outermost shell. As all halogens, it is thus one electron short of a full octet, and is thus a strong oxidizing agent, interacting with other elements to complete its outer shell.

This element is intermediate in the electronegativity between fluorine and bromine (the electronegativity of fluorine is 3.98, the electronegativity of chlorine is: 3.16, the electronegativity of bromine is 2.96, and the electronegativity of iodine is 2.66). This element is less reactive than fluorine and more reactive than bromine, in line with periodic patterns. Even though it is a weaker oxidizing agent than fluorine, it is stronger than bromine. In comparison, the chloride ion is a weaker reduction agent than bromide, but one stronger than fluoride.

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Negative feedback systems – Higher of human body

There is no denying the fact that a negative feedback mechanism is an important type of control that is found in homeostasis. It responds when conditions change from the ideal or set point and returns conditions to this set point. There is a continuous cycle of events in negative feedback.

General stages in negative feedback

In general this works in the following way:

  • if the level of something rises, control systems reduce it again
  • if the level of something falls, control systems raise it again

It is evident that body temperature is controlled by the hypothalamus in the brain. If the hypothalamus detects that the body is too hot, the response is that the body begins to sweat to try and reduce the temperature back to the correct level. Once the body temperature is back to the correct level, sweating will stop. In the opposite way, if the hypothalamus detects that the body is too cold then the response is that the body begins to shiver to try and raise the temperature back to the correct level. Once the body temperature is back to the correct level the shivering will stop.

Water content in the blood

Osmoregulation is the control of water levels and mineral salts in the blood. Water levels and mineral salts in the blood are controlled to protect animal cells by stopping too much water from entering or leaving them. The concentration of water and salts is the same inside and outside of the cells. If body cells lose or gain too much water by osmosis, they do not function efficiently.

If the concentration of water is the same inside and out the cells, then there is no net movement of water into or out of the cell. The cells remain in their normal state.

If the water concentration is too high outside of the cell then water enters the cell by osmosis. If too much water enters, the cell will burst. If the water concentration is too low outside compared to the inside of the cells, water leaves the cells by osmosis. This causes cells to shrivel

Negative feedback systems – Higher

A negative feedback mechanism is an important type of control that is found in homeostasis. It responds when conditions change from the ideal or set point and returns conditions to this set point. There is a continuous cycle of events in negative feedback.

General stages in negative feedback

In general this works in the following way:

  • if the level of something rises, control systems reduce it again
  • if the level of something falls, control systems raise it again

Negative feedback flowchart

Negative feedback – example

Body temperature is controlled by the hypothalamus in the brain. If the hypothalamus detects that the body is too hot, the response is that the body begins to sweat to try and reduce the temperature back to the correct level. Once the body temperature is back to the correct level, sweating will stop. In the opposite way, if the hypothalamus detects that the body is too cold then the response is that the body begins to shiver to try and raise the temperature back to the correct level. Once the body temperature is back to the correct level the shivering will stop.

Importance of water balance in the body

Water content in the blood

Osmoregulation is the control of water levels and mineral salts in the blood.

Water levels and mineral salts in the blood are controlled to protect animal cells by stopping too much water from entering or leaving them. The concentration of water and salts is the same inside and outside of the cells. If body cells lose or gain too much water by osmosis, they do not function efficiently.

If the concentration of water is the same inside and out the cells, then there is no net movement of water into or out of the cell. The cells remain in their normal state.

If the water concentration is too high outside of the cell then water enters the cell by osmosis. If too much water enters, the cell will burst. If the water concentration is too low outside compared to the inside of the cells, water leaves the cells by osmosis. This causes cells to shrivel

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Kernel

The serpent tensed to pelt itself behind the bush

The mongoose ran after to clutch life

To find the way to heaven for pestilence crooning;

Whatever fortunes favor all the way through.

As if none in the earth to persuade to protect

From the death conforming the invasion so long.

The snake went into the barks of the tree

For shades, food and drink to assuage grace

From the woodland ahead inside the trees and herbs

For switching g the difficulties to outdo the sparks.

My soul moves to heaven where sinless trap lying

Like dreary rock salt like snakes and perils

As if it has shower of rain into the clouds to evaporate

Dreary to create human blocks hereinafter.

Thorns of streaky wood in the streams of ocean,

For never bending down like tigers bumping off

Being driven and clown underneath icy waters

Men, women and children floating in the crafts

Saying words of heaven and dark as if dying in lairs.

Ceaseless dreams where to park along the way

To diminish pelf and poverty strain to gain the strength

Forever achieving vivacious outpourings of death alone.

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The Concept of Heredity in Biological Science

There is no denying the fact that the factors of Inheritance are Chromosomes, DNA, genes and alleles which play a vital role in the growth of animal kingdom. The fact that in the nucleus of every cell there are a number of long threads called chromosomes. Most of the time, the chromosomes are too thin to be seen except with an electron microscope. But when a cell is dividing, they get shorter and fatter, so they can be seen with a light microscope.

Human chromosomes and in regard to nucleus. Chromosomes are a packaged form of DNA. The DNA normally exists in a non-condensed form in the cell nucleus (upper right). It condenses into chromosomes (centre and lower left) during cell replication. Human cells contain 46 chromosomes, which are in pairs. Sex cells (sperm and ova) contain only 23 chromosomes. The 23 chromosomes comprise one from each pair.

Inheritance of sex in humans

Of the 23 pairs of chromosomes present is each human cell, one pair is the

sex chromosomes. These determine the sex of the individual. Male have XY,

female have XX. So the presence of a Y chromosome results in male

features developing.

DNA: Each chromosome contains one very long molecule of DNA. The DNA molecule carries a code that instructs the cell about which kind of proteins it should make. Each chromosome carries instructions for making many different proteins.

Gene

Each chromosome is made up of a large number of genes coding for the

formation of different proteins which give us our characteristics. The gene

responsible for a particular characteristic is always on the same relative

position on the chromosome.

Alleles

When the chromosomes are in pairs, there may be a different form (allele)

of the gene on each chromosome.

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