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Confidence is life

Immense Confidence! trust and belief

A feeling of certainty; firm notion or emotion; faith.

Knowing Hope, Believe, Bank, Bank on pattern of collection,

Becoming a confident person and race of ideas.

This is a big surprise!

People lack confidence to do what they need to do.

Sometimes to do what they should do.

How To Become a Confident Person?

Be a person who Takes Action!

Share and help others!

Spend time with confident people!

Confidence is the result of doing something!

Taking Action Builds Confidence!

Confidence is caught!  It is contagious!

Upon confidence everywhere,

A life is flabbaergasting,

Truth prevails in the long run.

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My Love My Grief By Kh Atiar Rahman

Like the setting sun I came across a saint,
Sitting beneath the tree encountered by the disciples;
Bowing down their heads on the grounds
Tears are rolling down from their reddened cheeks.
He said,’ I asked the lord to take me aftermath’
In the hereinafter to fight against lies and prejudice.
The answer came to my ear whispering
You are lazy and deaf that you are not complying.
The saint then uttered that there is no way without
Meditation and supplication to the alter upon God.
A man dies and another one gives birth to,
To beautify and enlighten the earth with justice.
And to remove the distortions and wreckage
The life like the mirror as if a shadow covers it
All the time all day and night in the dark dreams.
Truth is the source of divined justice as framed
By the eternal subdued for beaming rays
In the hidden herbs, meadows and the color
Inside the river beds where humans cannot dwell.
As the cluster declared by the lead which is pure
Not adulterated like the gold as if ornamented
In the race of livelihood for being perfection of truth.
Like the sweet voice in the wake of ocean water
Mixed with salty foam is never suitable to drink.
Man may lie on the grassy land  naturally washed
As if cleaned up like early woke bathing of the sun

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‘Death of a Salesman” by Arthur Miller, My favourite Book

Recently, I have gone through a book named ‘Death of a Salesman” by Arthur Miller who has tried to bring about a contrast of feelings of a man who had a long cherished desire to be entrenched in life for bright future by rendering services of a salesman. But as ill luck would have it, he was not being able to reach his goal. The author in this book has allegoric in regard to  some loss of distinctions of American Society where an honest and sincere man can not fulfill his mission to survive on earth. The book deals with some factors where a man working as a salesman find his fortune illuminated as well as trimmed in respect of money and wealth. The hero of the book is Willy Looman who had taken a job of a Salesman in a reputed industry of America with which he wanted to lead his life with glistening future. In American society, a person who takes the job of a salesman can see his bright lot because; this type of job is very lucrative and fascinating for any people in the so-called civilized society. 
 

In his early age, he has taken the job of a salesman and as such he has seen dreams to be great by creeping up the ladder of ascending in the high strips of social life. But, in this respect, his speculations as applied in his case were implanted on uncertain and out of his doctrines as well as the philosophy of the extreme bent with age. The ideals in which he was being able to reach his goal were utterly the product of different culture and heritage. He had his wife and two sons for whom he was encountered to bring them up in a proper way but all his attempts were in vain due to his honesty and ideal emblem in dealing with his superiors and colleagues. But the people whom he was always ventured upon did not like this discernment. According to the author, he did never adopt unfairmeans to climb the ladder of a good and honorable position from where he wanted to make something constructive for the bright future of his children. Happy and Biff were his sons whom he had uncommon love and affectionate had tried his heart and soul to make them happy in a significant manner. Biff, being his eldest son asked his father to lead life like others inclined to be rich and wealthy over night following the rules to satisfy the superiors in an illegal manner. Willy was a responsible person for which he had never hankered after ill money and rather he led his life in a sophisticated manner with which he had to suffer a lot in both mentally and physically. He worked hard during his lifetime and he had travailed in distant places for the sake of his profession. Arthur Miller was only the personality who understood the modern philosophy of life and the culture as traditionally reflected in the form of social conflicts and contrasts spontaneously. He introduced two trends of conflicts that were of tragedy and the ill treatment of upper class society and their callous gluttony. Death of a Salesman was a play of misfortunes and social conflicts that were accepted by American Society. If we umpire the frustrations and screaming of Willy’s mind, we will find such way of human psychology which is tremendously extensive and critical in due sense of social friction. In this connection, Willy’s life has been personified with flower, leaf, dream and grass by bringing a tremendous metaphor, which show the realms of his long frustrated life.

Willy Looman was a silent worker who had created his own world of livelihood for which he had no complaint against the authority responsible for his well beings and rights for survival. He had seen his colleagues very new in the job of salesmanship, but they got promotion and bright future despite their lacking in skillfulness in the profession .He, on the verge of infirmity of age, submitted an appeal to David Wagner, his boss that he would like to get a job of an Office Assistant where he might get mental satisfaction. Having heard this, his boss flew into a rage and informed his inability of doing so and consequently, he was so much agitated that made him swayed to die. In the last part of the story, Willy’s whole life was bedded on wrong persuasion and due to such similar ideology, his eldest son Biff said that his father’s whole life was filled with wrongs. This is a great question for us, which teaches us that no man in this world should be neglected and it is our sacred responsibility to show our best regards for the oppressed people in the society who are down trodden and are suffering from deprivation and ill-treatment of the people who create difference amongst people. Arthur Miller was an author who minutely judged the dissimilarities of social life and tried to reflect in his literary creativity virtually. We claim that we are the citizens of modern society but we don’t care for a man who is really a rare resource personnel to develop our country and whose contribution needs to be recognized by the people who are in power for implementation of one’s model or their realms in particular field. It is our shame that we are afraid to face the challenge of reality, which Willy was unable to win over all misfortunes and injustice like Wagner and others that tidied him. If we look forward the socioeconomic condition of the civilized nation, we will observe that many people are swindled to one’s prey of callous gluttony and tyrannized system of ruling for which he has to suffer whole life and his family. We are the creations of one creator who has urged to establish equal justice and rights of the people but we forget in every step in our duties and responsibilities.

Arthur Miller in his famous book, death of a salesman has intensified the ideals of a real man that are the sole devotees of religion, model of real life situation and moral obligation in most predominating manner. In the society of America, any one can cherish high ambition of bright future after entering in the service of salesmanship but in the case of Willy, the opposite thing happened what had flabbergasted the people of the civilized domain who need reforms of society in a systematic manner. In fine, he had been deprived and deviated from being embedded with higher rank as promotion enjoying social status. The author has criticized American society that with the end of a man’s future, the futures of his other members of his family were nipped in the bud. The author has critically examined the supplication of Willy looman and expressed his comments in favour of his modesty contributing the beauty of life. The author Miller has collected materials from social surroundings where men women relationships and philosophy of reality and the realms of survival are coherent on earth by bringing a factual contrasts of feeling of mankind. He reaffirmed some literary objects in the pages of his mind, which acted like the mirrors of social unrest and evils committed by them. The author has envisaged a different critic who was like a brief candle whose survival depends on a little fuel and when it is finished, he will no more exist on earth. A man burnt with mental distortions can not create his own image in social life because he has travelled in wrong way. In this connection, Robert Frost says,”

“Two roads diverged in a wood,

I took the one – less travelled by

And this has made all the difference “

In view of the above, it is obvious that Willy had a separate world to roam about into the shadow of a moving life. He was in the habit of purposing such a manner on the ground that he had failed to switch over the difficulties. The authority wanted him to be punctual in dealing with modern self-absorption that is reflected as the realm of dishonesty and insincerity. I like this book because I have found honesty of Willy’s heart that had not hunched down to the sacrificial stone of the authority of injustice and distortion. Willy’s heart was craving for impartiality and honesty but the people of modern American society had not performed anything good and mundane for his prolific achievement in the society rather they denounced him for honesty and reality towards carrying out his tasks in toto. In this context, a few lines of William Shakespeare are worth mentioning:

” Out! Out! Brief candle

A life’s but a walking shadows

A poor player!

That struts and frets his hour upon the stage

And then is heard no more, it’s a tale

Told by an idiot, it is full of sound and fury

Signifying nothing “

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Chlorine and its Properties

Chlorine is the second lightest halogen and is represented as Cl. The atomic number of this chemical element is 17.

It appears as a pale yellow-green gas. Liquid chlorine can cause skin burn and chlorine in its gaseous form irritates the mucous membrane. Its position in the periodic table is between fluorine and bromine. Its electronic configuration is [Ne]3s23p5. There are two isotopes of chlorine that are stable.

They are 37Cl  and 35Cl. 36Cl is the stable radioisotope of chlorine. Sodium chloride is the most common compound of chlorine whereas the simplest is hydrogen chloride. Sodium chloride has a molecular formula NaCl whereas hydrogen chloride has a molecular formula HCl. It is highly reactive. 

Carl Wilhelm Scheele who was a Swedish chemist discovered Chlorine in the year 1774.

Properties of Chlorine – Cl

ClChlorine
Atomic Number‎17
Atomic weight35.453
Melting Point−101.5 °C
Boiling Point−34.04 °C

Chlorine is the second halogen in the periodic table, being a nonmetal in group 17. Hence, its properties are similar to fluorine, bromine, and iodine, and are generally intermediate among those of the first two. Chlorine has the electron configuration [Ne]3s23p5, with the seven electrons serving as its valence electrons in the third and outermost shell. As all halogens, it is thus one electron short of a full octet, and is thus a strong oxidizing agent, interacting with other elements to complete its outer shell.

This element is intermediate in the electronegativity between fluorine and bromine (the electronegativity of fluorine is 3.98, the electronegativity of chlorine is: 3.16, the electronegativity of bromine is 2.96, and the electronegativity of iodine is 2.66). This element is less reactive than fluorine and more reactive than bromine, in line with periodic patterns. Even though it is a weaker oxidizing agent than fluorine, it is stronger than bromine. In comparison, the chloride ion is a weaker reduction agent than bromide, but one stronger than fluoride.

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Chlorine, Reactive Member of Halogen

There is no denying the fact that Chlorine is the second halogen in the periodic table, being a nonmetal in group 17. Hence, its properties are similar to fluorine, bromine, and iodine, and are generally intermediate among those of the first two. Chlorine has the electron configuration [Ne]3s23p5, with the seven electrons serving as its valence electrons in the third and outermost shell. As all halogens, it is thus one electron short of a full octet, and is thus a strong oxidizing agent, interacting with other elements to complete its outer shell.

This element is intermediate in the electronegativity between fluorine and bromine (the electronegativity of fluorine is 3.98, the electronegativity of chlorine is: 3.16, the electronegativity of bromine is 2.96, and the electronegativity of iodine is 2.66). This element is less reactive than fluorine and more reactive than bromine, in line with periodic patterns. Even though it is a weaker oxidizing agent than fluorine, it is stronger than bromine. In comparison, the chloride ion is a weaker reduction agent than bromide, but one stronger than fluoride.

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Negative feedback systems – Higher of human body

There is no denying the fact that a negative feedback mechanism is an important type of control that is found in homeostasis. It responds when conditions change from the ideal or set point and returns conditions to this set point. There is a continuous cycle of events in negative feedback.

General stages in negative feedback

In general this works in the following way:

  • if the level of something rises, control systems reduce it again
  • if the level of something falls, control systems raise it again

It is evident that body temperature is controlled by the hypothalamus in the brain. If the hypothalamus detects that the body is too hot, the response is that the body begins to sweat to try and reduce the temperature back to the correct level. Once the body temperature is back to the correct level, sweating will stop. In the opposite way, if the hypothalamus detects that the body is too cold then the response is that the body begins to shiver to try and raise the temperature back to the correct level. Once the body temperature is back to the correct level the shivering will stop.

Water content in the blood

Osmoregulation is the control of water levels and mineral salts in the blood. Water levels and mineral salts in the blood are controlled to protect animal cells by stopping too much water from entering or leaving them. The concentration of water and salts is the same inside and outside of the cells. If body cells lose or gain too much water by osmosis, they do not function efficiently.

If the concentration of water is the same inside and out the cells, then there is no net movement of water into or out of the cell. The cells remain in their normal state.

If the water concentration is too high outside of the cell then water enters the cell by osmosis. If too much water enters, the cell will burst. If the water concentration is too low outside compared to the inside of the cells, water leaves the cells by osmosis. This causes cells to shrivel

Negative feedback systems – Higher

A negative feedback mechanism is an important type of control that is found in homeostasis. It responds when conditions change from the ideal or set point and returns conditions to this set point. There is a continuous cycle of events in negative feedback.

General stages in negative feedback

In general this works in the following way:

  • if the level of something rises, control systems reduce it again
  • if the level of something falls, control systems raise it again

Negative feedback flowchart

Negative feedback – example

Body temperature is controlled by the hypothalamus in the brain. If the hypothalamus detects that the body is too hot, the response is that the body begins to sweat to try and reduce the temperature back to the correct level. Once the body temperature is back to the correct level, sweating will stop. In the opposite way, if the hypothalamus detects that the body is too cold then the response is that the body begins to shiver to try and raise the temperature back to the correct level. Once the body temperature is back to the correct level the shivering will stop.

Importance of water balance in the body

Water content in the blood

Osmoregulation is the control of water levels and mineral salts in the blood.

Water levels and mineral salts in the blood are controlled to protect animal cells by stopping too much water from entering or leaving them. The concentration of water and salts is the same inside and outside of the cells. If body cells lose or gain too much water by osmosis, they do not function efficiently.

If the concentration of water is the same inside and out the cells, then there is no net movement of water into or out of the cell. The cells remain in their normal state.

If the water concentration is too high outside of the cell then water enters the cell by osmosis. If too much water enters, the cell will burst. If the water concentration is too low outside compared to the inside of the cells, water leaves the cells by osmosis. This causes cells to shrivel

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Kernel

The serpent tensed to pelt itself behind the bush

The mongoose ran after to clutch life

To find the way to heaven for pestilence crooning;

Whatever fortunes favor all the way through.

As if none in the earth to persuade to protect

From the death conforming the invasion so long.

The snake went into the barks of the tree

For shades, food and drink to assuage grace

From the woodland ahead inside the trees and herbs

For switching g the difficulties to outdo the sparks.

My soul moves to heaven where sinless trap lying

Like dreary rock salt like snakes and perils

As if it has shower of rain into the clouds to evaporate

Dreary to create human blocks hereinafter.

Thorns of streaky wood in the streams of ocean,

For never bending down like tigers bumping off

Being driven and clown underneath icy waters

Men, women and children floating in the crafts

Saying words of heaven and dark as if dying in lairs.

Ceaseless dreams where to park along the way

To diminish pelf and poverty strain to gain the strength

Forever achieving vivacious outpourings of death alone.

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The Concept of Heredity in Biological Science

There is no denying the fact that the factors of Inheritance are Chromosomes, DNA, genes and alleles which play a vital role in the growth of animal kingdom. The fact that in the nucleus of every cell there are a number of long threads called chromosomes. Most of the time, the chromosomes are too thin to be seen except with an electron microscope. But when a cell is dividing, they get shorter and fatter, so they can be seen with a light microscope.

Human chromosomes and in regard to nucleus. Chromosomes are a packaged form of DNA. The DNA normally exists in a non-condensed form in the cell nucleus (upper right). It condenses into chromosomes (centre and lower left) during cell replication. Human cells contain 46 chromosomes, which are in pairs. Sex cells (sperm and ova) contain only 23 chromosomes. The 23 chromosomes comprise one from each pair.

Inheritance of sex in humans

Of the 23 pairs of chromosomes present is each human cell, one pair is the

sex chromosomes. These determine the sex of the individual. Male have XY,

female have XX. So the presence of a Y chromosome results in male

features developing.

DNA: Each chromosome contains one very long molecule of DNA. The DNA molecule carries a code that instructs the cell about which kind of proteins it should make. Each chromosome carries instructions for making many different proteins.

Gene

Each chromosome is made up of a large number of genes coding for the

formation of different proteins which give us our characteristics. The gene

responsible for a particular characteristic is always on the same relative

position on the chromosome.

Alleles

When the chromosomes are in pairs, there may be a different form (allele)

of the gene on each chromosome.

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Extraction of Aluminium

Aluminium is a soft, silvery-white, corrosion-resistant metal. It is the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust as it makes up 8% of the crust and it is the third most abundant element after oxygen and silicon. Bauxite ore (Al2O3.xH2O) is the major source of aluminium till date which is a mixture of hydrated aluminium oxide.

Aluminium can also be recovered from cryolite (Na3AlF6) and alunite. It is also found in gemstones such as garnet, topaz and chrysoberyl. The chemical symbol of this metal is Al. In the boron group with symbol Al, aluminium is a chemical element and is the most commonly used non-ferrous metal.

Aluminium Ore

Ores of Aluminium

Aluminium is a highly reactive metal, belonging to the IIIA group of the periodic table. In nature, aluminium is found in the form of its oxide in its ores. The important ores of aluminium are

  • Bauxite – Al2O3.2H2O
  • Corundum – Al2O3
  • Cryolite – Na3AlF6

Metallurgy of Aluminium

Aluminium is mostly extracted from its bauxite ore. Dressing of ore: The ore is crushed and pulverized.

Concentration of ore

The bauxite ore contains ferric oxide and silica as impurities. It is first concentrated by gravity separation of ferric oxide impurities by the process of magnetic separation. The ore is then concentrated by chemical process.

Bauxite is the name given to aluminium ore. To generate the oxide of aluminium from bauxite ore is purified, a white powder form which aluminium can be extracted. Aluminium oxide has a very high melting point of more than 2000 ° C so melting it would be costly. Aluminium oxide in water does not dissolve, but in molten cryolite, it dissolves.

Pure aluminium is a silver-white metal with many desirable features. It’s light, non-toxic, non-magnetic, and non-sparking. It’s a bit ornamental. It’s created, machined, and cast readily. Aluminium in pure state is soft and lacks strength, but it has very helpful characteristics for alloys with tiny quantities of copper, magnesium, silicon, manganese and other components.

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Extraction of Iron

Extraction of iron from its ore is the third and the penultimate process in the Metallurgy. The extraction of metals and its isolation occurs over a few major steps:

  1. Concentration of Ore
  2. Extraction of metal from concentrated Ore
  3. Purification of the metal

 It’s a long process which begins with Concentration along the roasting process known as calcination. Concentration removes the water and other volatile impurities such as sulphur and carbonates. This concentrated ore is mixed with limestone (CaCO3) and Coke and fed into the blast furnace from the top. It is in the blast furnace that extraction of iron occurs. The extraction of iron from its ore is a long and subdued process, that helps in separating the useful components from the waste materials such as slag.

The purpose of a Blast Furnace is to reduce the concentrated ore chemically to its liquid metal state. A blast furnace is a gigantic, steel stack lined with refractory brick where the concentrated iron ore, coke, and limestone are dumped from the top, and a blast of hot air is blown into the bottom. All the three ingredients are crushed into small round pieces and mixed and put on a hopper which controls the input.

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